From Practice to Poultry Perfection Wakulla 4-H hosted the annual Poultry Perfection Workshop on Saturday, March 1.  Youth from Wakulla, Gulf, Jefferson, and Gadsden counties spent the morning demonstrating their poultry science knowledge and showmanship skills at the Wakulla County Extension office. Youth learned how to handle birds for the upcoming district poultry show scheduled [&#8230;]

<h4>From Practice to Poultry Perfection</h4>
<figure id="attachment_32939" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-32939" style="width: 225px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-32939 lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="4-H Agent coaches youth on poultry showmanship." width="225" height="300" data-src="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/wakullaco/files/2025/03/4H-agent-coaches-youth-on-showmanship-225x300.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-32939" class="wp-caption-text">4-H agent Rachel Pienta works with youth to develop skills in poultry showmanship.</figcaption></figure>
Wakulla 4-H hosted the annual Poultry Perfection Workshop on Saturday, March 1.  Youth from Wakulla, Gulf, Jefferson, and Gadsden counties spent the morning demonstrating their poultry science knowledge and showmanship skills at the Wakulla County Extension office. Youth learned how to handle birds for the upcoming district poultry show scheduled March 29, 2025 at the Extension facility in Washington County, Florida. Each youth practiced show skills by demonstrating their knowledge of poultry breeds and anatomy with their individual show bird and completed a poultry science skill-a-thon.
Youth who participate in the District Show are required to submit a project book that documents how they raised their show bird.  Show participants demonstrate their poultry knowledge in a live judging format as well as in a skill-a-thon. Youth who progress through the age levels of the 4-H program can compete in a demonstration or illustrated talk session about their poultry projects. Projects include topics such as building poultry-based businesses that demonstrate how young people can apply entrepreneurial skills to start a business and generate a profit.
<h4>Chick Chain Project</h4>
Preparation for the District show begins months before, in September of the prior year. Each fall, members of Wakulla 4-H begin raising chicks as participants in the UF IFAS NW District 4-H Chick Chain Program. From September to March, youth ages 5 to 18 choose one or more chicken breeds that will be raised from newly hatched chicks to mature chickens.  At monthly club meetings youth learn how to feed and care for their birds, including how to maintain flock biosecurity. Youth learn how to recognize different bird breeds, chicken market cuts, anatomy, as well as egg candling and grading.  To learn more about this annual poultry project, visit this website: <a href="https://sites.google.com/ufl.edu/4-h-poultry-project/home">https://sites.google.com/ufl.edu/4-h-poultry-project/home</a>. The next Chick Chain will begin in September!
<figure id="attachment_32941" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-32941" style="width: 225px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-32941 lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Adult sits at table to teach poultry science. " width="225" height="300" data-src="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/wakullaco/files/2025/03/program-assistant-Christy-Pearson-teaches-poultry-science-at-a-skillathon-station-225x300.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-32941" class="wp-caption-text">4-H Program Assistant Christy Pearson taught at one of the poultry science knowledge demonstration stations during a recent poultry workshop.</figcaption></figure>
<h4>Biosecurity and Flock Protection</h4>
Youth enrolled in the Chick Chain project learn how to keep their flock safe from threats that include predators and avian disease. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides guidelines on flock defense to maintain bird health: <a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/defend-the-flock">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/defend-the-flock</a>.  Bird flu is caused by the avian influenza virus and can affect all types of birds, including chickens, ducks, turkey. There are two main types: low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI), which is milder, and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), which can cause severe illness and death in poultry (Stonecipher, 2025).
Five Tips to Protect Your Flock
<ol>
<li>Limit Exposure to Wild Birds: Keep your flock in a secure area to avoid contact with wild birds, which can carry the virus.</li>
<li>Practice Biosecurity: Clean and disinfect equipment, practice strict hygiene when handling your birds, avoid visiting someone else’s property with birds and wearing the same clothing when you are with your own flock to prevent potential cross-contamination.</li>
<li>Monitor Your Flock: Regularly check for signs of illness.</li>
<li>Isolate New Birds: Quarantine new poultry for at least two weeks to prevent introducing disease.</li>
<li>Stay Informed: Follow local reports on bird flu outbreaks and advice from authorities.</li>
</ol>
<h4>Signs of Bird Flu</h4>
What are the signs to determine if your birds have avian influenza? Please see this link for information: <a href="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/brevardco/2025/01/07/things-to-know-about-avian-influenza-or-bird-flu/">https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/brevardco/2025/01/07/things-to-know-about-avian-influenza-or-bird-flu/</a>
Signs of the disease vary greatly and depend on many factors, including the age and species of poultry affected, husbandry practices, and the inherent pathogenicity of the influenza virus strain (Newman, 2025).
Signs to look for may include:
ruffled feathers
soft-shelled eggs
depression and droopiness
sudden drop in egg production
loss of appetite
cyanosis (purplish-blue coloring) of wattles and comb
edema and swelling of the head, eyelids, comb, wattles, and hocks
diarrhea
blood-tinged discharge from nostrils
incoordination, including loss of ability to walk and stand
pin-point hemorrhages (most easily seen on the feet and shanks)
respiratory distress
increased death losses in a flock
The clinical signs of avian influenza are like those of other avian diseases. Avian flu may be confused with infectious bronchitis, laryngotracheitis, fowl cholera, and the various forms of Newcastle disease.
<h4>Raising Backyard Chickens for Eggs</h4>
Interested in raising backyard chickens for eggs? Check out this excellent resource from UF IFAS: <a href="https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/an239">https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/an239</a>.  The Wakulla County Extension office offers free educational workshops for youth and adults. Watch for a workshop on Backyard Poultry for families to be announced soon! For more information, please call our office (850-926-3931) or visit 84 Cedar Avenue in Crawfordville.
<h4>School Embryology Program</h4>
Each spring, Wakulla 4-H partners with local elementary schools to offer classroom-based embryology programs. Wakulla 4-H provides incubators, embryology curriculum resources, and fertilized eggs to support these educational programs.
<figure id="attachment_32949" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-32949" style="width: 225px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-32949 lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Recently hatched chicks in a brooder box. " width="225" height="300" data-src="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/wakullaco/files/2025/03/chicks-in-brooder-box-225x300.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-32949" class="wp-caption-text">Each spring, Wakulla 4-H partners with local teachers to offer school-based embryology. These chicks were hatched in a local classroom and will now return to a 4-H member&#8217;s local farm.</figcaption></figure>
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information, and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions, or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A&amp;M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating.
&nbsp;
<h4>Additional Resources</h4>
Florida 4-H Chick Chain
<a href="http://Florida 4-H Chick Chain">https://sites.google.com/ufl.edu/4-h-poultry-project/skill-a-thon?authuser=</a>0
For Shelter Rescues and Access to Care Clinics
<a href="https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu/2025/02/10/h5n1-avian-influenza-resources-for-shelters-rescues-and-access-to-care-clinics/">https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu/2025/02/10/h5n1-avian-influenza-resources-for-shelters-rescues-and-access-to-care-clinics/</a>
Keeping Backyard Poultry Safe from Bird Flu
<a href="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/volusiaco/2025/01/24/keeping-backyard-poultry-safe-from-bird-flu/">https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/volusiaco/2025/01/24/keeping-backyard-poultry-safe-from-bird-flu/</a>
&nbsp;

From Practice to Poultry Perfection
4-H agent Rachel Pienta works with youth to develop skills in poultry showmanship.
Wakulla 4-H hosted the annual Poultry Perfection Workshop on Saturday, March 1.  Youth from Wakulla, Gulf, Jefferson, and Gadsden counties spent the morning demonstrating their poultry science knowledge and showmanship skills at the Wakulla County Extension office. Youth learned how to handle birds for the upcoming district poultry show scheduled March 29, 2025 at the Extension facility in Washington County, Florida. Each youth practiced show skills by demonstrating their knowledge of poultry breeds and anatomy with their individual show bird and completed a poultry science skill-a-thon.
Youth who participate in the District Show are required to submit a project book that documents how they raised their show bird.  Show participants demonstrate their poultry knowledge in a live judging format as well as in a skill-a-thon. Youth who progress through the age levels of the 4-H program can compete in a demonstration or illustrated talk session about their poultry projects. Projects include topics such as building poultry-based businesses that demonstrate how young people can apply entrepreneurial skills to start a business and generate a profit.
Chick Chain Project
Preparation for the District show begins months before, in September of the prior year. Each fall, members of Wakulla 4-H begin raising chicks as participants in the UF IFAS NW District 4-H Chick Chain Program. From September to March, youth ages 5 to 18 choose one or more chicken breeds that will be raised from newly hatched chicks to mature chickens.  At monthly club meetings youth learn how to feed and care for their birds, including how to maintain flock biosecurity. Youth learn how to recognize different bird breeds, chicken market cuts, anatomy, as well as egg candling and grading.  To learn more about this annual poultry project, visit this website: https://sites.google.com/ufl.edu/4-h-poultry-project/home. The next Chick Chain will begin in September!
4-H Program Assistant Christy Pearson taught at one of the poultry science knowledge demonstration stations during a recent poultry workshop.
Biosecurity and Flock Protection
Youth enrolled in the Chick Chain project learn how to keep their flock safe from threats that include predators and avian disease. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides guidelines on flock defense to maintain bird health: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/defend-the-flock.  Bird flu is caused by the avian influenza virus and can affect all types of birds, including chickens, ducks, turkey. There are two main types: low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI), which is milder, and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), which can cause severe illness and death in poultry (Stonecipher, 2025).
Five Tips to Protect Your Flock
Limit Exposure to Wild Birds: Keep your flock in a secure area to avoid contact with wild birds, which can carry the virus.
Practice Biosecurity: Clean and disinfect equipment, practice strict hygiene when handling your birds, avoid visiting someone else’s property with birds and wearing the same clothing when you are with your own flock to prevent potential cross-contamination.
Monitor Your Flock: Regularly check for signs of illness.
Isolate New Birds: Quarantine new poultry for at least two weeks to prevent introducing disease.
Stay Informed: Follow local reports on bird flu outbreaks and advice from authorities.
Signs of Bird Flu
What are the signs to determine if your birds have avian influenza? Please see this link for information: https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/brevardco/2025/01/07/things-to-know-about-avian-influenza-or-bird-flu/
Signs of the disease vary greatly and depend on many factors, including the age and species of poultry affected, husbandry practices, and the inherent pathogenicity of the influenza virus strain (Newman, 2025).
Signs to look for may include:
ruffled feathers
soft-shelled eggs
depression and droopiness
sudden drop in egg production
loss of appetite
cyanosis (purplish-blue coloring) of wattles and comb
edema and swelling of the head, eyelids, comb, wattles, and hocks
diarrhea
blood-tinged discharge from nostrils
incoordination, including loss of ability to walk and stand
pin-point hemorrhages (most easily seen on the feet and shanks)
respiratory distress
increased death losses in a flock
The clinical signs of avian influenza are like those of other avian diseases. Avian flu may be confused with infectious bronchitis, laryngotracheitis, fowl cholera, and the various forms of Newcastle disease.
Raising Backyard Chickens for Eggs
Interested in raising backyard chickens for eggs? Check out this excellent resource from UF IFAS: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/an239.  The Wakulla County Extension office offers free educational workshops for youth and adults. Watch for a workshop on Backyard Poultry for families to be announced soon! For more information, please call our office (850-926-3931) or visit 84 Cedar Avenue in Crawfordville.
School Embryology Program
Each spring, Wakulla 4-H partners with local elementary schools to offer classroom-based embryology programs. Wakulla 4-H provides incubators, embryology curriculum resources, and fertilized eggs to support these educational programs.
Each spring, Wakulla 4-H partners with local teachers to offer school-based embryology. These chicks were hatched in a local classroom and will now return to a 4-H member’s local farm.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information, and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions, or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A&M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating.
 
Additional Resources
Florida 4-H Chick Chain
https://sites.google.com/ufl.edu/4-h-poultry-project/skill-a-thon?authuser=0
For Shelter Rescues and Access to Care Clinics
https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu/2025/02/10/h5n1-avian-influenza-resources-for-shelters-rescues-and-access-to-care-clinics/
Keeping Backyard Poultry Safe from Bird Flu
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/volusiaco/2025/01/24/keeping-backyard-poultry-safe-from-bird-flu/

From Practice to Poultry Perfection Wakulla 4-H hosted the annual Poultry Perfection Workshop on Saturday, March 1.  Youth from Wakulla, Gulf, Jefferson, and Gadsden counties spent the morning demonstrating their poultry science knowledge and showmanship skills at the Wakulla County Extension office. Youth learned how to handle birds for the upcoming district poultry show scheduled […]

Wakulla 4-H Poultry Science Program Provides Hands on Learning for Local Youth

Embryology is a captivating exploration into the remarkable process of how a tiny chick develops inside an egg, and it&#8217;s a journey that&#8217;s nothing short of miraculous! Let&#8217;s take a deeper dive into this extraordinary process, tailor-made for curious minds in elementary and middle school. A Peek Inside the Egg: An egg, seemingly simple on [&#8230;]

Embryology is a captivating exploration into the remarkable process of how a tiny chick develops inside an egg, and it&#8217;s a journey that&#8217;s nothing short of miraculous! Let&#8217;s take a deeper dive into this extraordinary process, tailor-made for curious minds in elementary and middle school.
A Peek Inside the Egg:
An egg, seemingly simple on the outside, houses essential parts crucial for chick development. The yolk, the white (albumen), and the protective shell play vital roles in nurturing the growing chick. The albumen provides the chick with essential protein and water, while the shell offers a vital source of calcium needed for the development of robust bones.
Developmental Milestones (21 Days):
&#8211; Days 1-3: These initial days witness rapid cell division, laying the foundation for the chick&#8217;s heart and intricate blood vessels.
&#8211; Days 4-7: Organs such as eyes, wings, and beak start to take shape, marking the beginning of the chick&#8217;s physical form.
&#8211; Days 8-14: Feather growth begins, and the bones start to harden, thanks to the calcium sourced from the shell.
&#8211; Days 15-21: In the final stretch, the chick positions itself inside the egg, eventually breaking through the shell to emerge as a fluffy chick, ready to explore the world!
The Journey Unfolds:
Nurtured in a warm and secure environment, like an incubator, the egg provides the ideal conditions for the chick&#8217;s growth. The steady warmth, along with the nutritional support from the albumen and the bone-strengthening calcium from the shell, fosters the chick&#8217;s development.
Embryology unveils a magical tale of growth within an egg. From a minuscule spot to the emergence of a fully-fledged chick, this journey offers a glimpse into the marvels of life budding within an eggshell!
Every cracked egg holds the incredible potential for new life, showcasing the remarkable spectacle of nature&#8217;s process of development.
A special thank you to Mrs. Cindy Kinard, whose insightful presentation on Embryology to the 4-H Homeschool Club enriched our understanding of this awe-inspiring journey.

Embryology is a captivating exploration into the remarkable process of how a tiny chick develops inside an egg, and it’s a journey that’s nothing short of miraculous! Let’s take a deeper dive into this extraordinary process, tailor-made for curious minds in elementary and middle school.
A Peek Inside the Egg:
An egg, seemingly simple on the outside, houses essential parts crucial for chick development. The yolk, the white (albumen), and the protective shell play vital roles in nurturing the growing chick. The albumen provides the chick with essential protein and water, while the shell offers a vital source of calcium needed for the development of robust bones.
Developmental Milestones (21 Days):
– Days 1-3: These initial days witness rapid cell division, laying the foundation for the chick’s heart and intricate blood vessels.
– Days 4-7: Organs such as eyes, wings, and beak start to take shape, marking the beginning of the chick’s physical form.
– Days 8-14: Feather growth begins, and the bones start to harden, thanks to the calcium sourced from the shell.
– Days 15-21: In the final stretch, the chick positions itself inside the egg, eventually breaking through the shell to emerge as a fluffy chick, ready to explore the world!
The Journey Unfolds:
Nurtured in a warm and secure environment, like an incubator, the egg provides the ideal conditions for the chick’s growth. The steady warmth, along with the nutritional support from the albumen and the bone-strengthening calcium from the shell, fosters the chick’s development.
Embryology unveils a magical tale of growth within an egg. From a minuscule spot to the emergence of a fully-fledged chick, this journey offers a glimpse into the marvels of life budding within an eggshell!
Every cracked egg holds the incredible potential for new life, showcasing the remarkable spectacle of nature’s process of development.
A special thank you to Mrs. Cindy Kinard, whose insightful presentation on Embryology to the 4-H Homeschool Club enriched our understanding of this awe-inspiring journey.

Embryology is a captivating exploration into the remarkable process of how a tiny chick develops inside an egg, and it’s a journey that’s nothing short of miraculous! Let’s take a deeper dive into this extraordinary process, tailor-made for curious minds in elementary and middle school. A Peek Inside the Egg: An egg, seemingly simple on […]

Embryology Unveiled: The Amazing Journey of Chick Development Inside an Egg

Which came first, the egg or the chicken? The world may never know for sure. There are, however, several young students who could tell you about their adventure hatching chicks. Duval County&#8217;s 4-H Embryology Project began in February of this year. Since then, the program has reached 1,364 students in 29 different schools. The teachers [&#8230;]

Which came first, the egg or the chicken? The world may never know for sure. There are, however, several young students who could tell you about their adventure hatching chicks. Duval County&#8217;s 4-H Embryology Project began in February of this year. Since then, the program has reached 1,364 students in 29 different schools. The teachers registered and picked a date to initiate their 21-day session. When the time arrived, every teacher received equipment, a resource binder, fertilized eggs, and a helpful briefing to explain things and answer questions.
<figure id="attachment_2179" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2179" style="width: 209px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/duvalco/files/2022/07/Untitled-design-1.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-2179 size-medium lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="" width="209" height="300" data-src="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/duvalco/files/2022/07/Untitled-design-1-209x300.png"></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-2179" class="wp-caption-text">A newly hatched classroom chick&#8217;s first glance at the world.</figcaption></figure>
Frequently, instructors would opt for the in-person introduction lesson. Here the students would learn about their special project, the parts of an egg, how the incubator functioned as the mama hen, and more. I loved the question, “where do you think eggs come from?” The answers always varied. Sometimes, older students would reply, “from a chicken, of course!”, but many, whom were younger, would insist they came straight from the grocery store. I enjoyed exposing where we get eggs and how they become chickens. Admittedly, this was a great segue into explaining how they would be scientists throughout the process. It was a fantastic way to kickstart the 21-day embryology sessions.
<a href="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/duvalco/files/2022/07/embryology-chicks-1-rotated.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-2177 lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="" width="225" height="300" data-src="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/duvalco/files/2022/07/embryology-chicks-1-225x300.jpeg"></a>
Ultimately, this year&#8217;s 4-H Embryology Project was a success. In fact, many teachers enthusiastically shared that their students wrote stories about their baby chicks, learned to care for living creatures, and adored watching their chicks hatch. One first-year teacher even declared many of her second graders, &#8220;who never seem to care much about any subject in school, were excited about this program!” It was amazing to see how hatching chicks with the 4-H Embryology Project egged-on the kind of learning students enjoyed.
A link to Florida 4-H Virtual Embryology Program: <a href="https://sites.google.com/ufl.edu/florida4-hembryology/home">https://sites.google.com/ufl.edu/florida4-hembryology/home</a>

Which came first, the egg or the chicken? The world may never know for sure. There are, however, several young students who could tell you about their adventure hatching chicks. Duval County’s 4-H Embryology Project began in February of this year. Since then, the program has reached 1,364 students in 29 different schools. The teachers registered and picked a date to initiate their 21-day session. When the time arrived, every teacher received equipment, a resource binder, fertilized eggs, and a helpful briefing to explain things and answer questions.
A newly hatched classroom chick’s first glance at the world.
Frequently, instructors would opt for the in-person introduction lesson. Here the students would learn about their special project, the parts of an egg, how the incubator functioned as the mama hen, and more. I loved the question, “where do you think eggs come from?” The answers always varied. Sometimes, older students would reply, “from a chicken, of course!”, but many, whom were younger, would insist they came straight from the grocery store. I enjoyed exposing where we get eggs and how they become chickens. Admittedly, this was a great segue into explaining how they would be scientists throughout the process. It was a fantastic way to kickstart the 21-day embryology sessions.

Ultimately, this year’s 4-H Embryology Project was a success. In fact, many teachers enthusiastically shared that their students wrote stories about their baby chicks, learned to care for living creatures, and adored watching their chicks hatch. One first-year teacher even declared many of her second graders, “who never seem to care much about any subject in school, were excited about this program!” It was amazing to see how hatching chicks with the 4-H Embryology Project egged-on the kind of learning students enjoyed.
A link to Florida 4-H Virtual Embryology Program: https://sites.google.com/ufl.edu/florida4-hembryology/home

Which came first, the egg or the chicken? The world may never know for sure. There are, however, several young students who could tell you about their adventure hatching chicks. Duval County’s 4-H Embryology Project began in February of this year. Since then, the program has reached 1,364 students in 29 different schools. The teachers […]

Hatching Chicks: 4-H in the Classrooms

Biology

Biología

Eggs

Huevos

362-thumbnail

UF/IFAS File Photo 013432. Taken by Tom Wright 09 Nov 2007.

All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes

Life Sciences

Embryology

Embriología

4-H Youth Development

Florida 4-H Youth Development Program

1-thumbnail

UF/IFAS Animal Science Department <a href="https://animal.ifas.ufl.edu/extension/">Extension</a> develops programs and activities in the areas of <a href="https://animal.ifas.ufl.edu/extension/beef/">Beef</a>, <a href="https://animal.ifas.ufl.edu/equine/equine-extension/">Equine</a>, <a href="https://animal.ifas.ufl.edu/extension/meat-extension/">Meat</a>, <a href="https://animal.ifas.ufl.edu/extension/dairy/">Dairy</a> <a href="https://animal.ifas.ufl.edu/smallruminant/">Small Ruminant</a>, and <a href="https://animal.ifas.ufl.edu/extension/youth/">Youth</a>

Embryology

Publications

Chicken Embryo Malpositions and Deformities

A Systematic Approach to Solving Hatchability and Chick Quality Problems

Management of Hatching Eggs and Broiler Performance

Broiler Performance From Cull Eggs

Wakulla 4-H Poultry Science Program Provides Hands on Learning for Local Youth

Embryology Unveiled: The Amazing Journey of Chick Development Inside an Egg

Hatching Chicks: 4-H in the Classrooms